Gravidez na adolescência: aspectos epidemiológicos da maternidade precoce no estado do Pará, Brasil / Adolescent pregnancy: epidemiological aspects of early motherhood in the state of Pará, Brazil

A adolescência é caracterizada por modificações físicas, mentais e comportamentais nesta fase de transição para a vida adulta. Avaliaram-se a taxa de fecundidade de mulheres de 15 a 19 anos residentes nas macrorregiões de saúde do estado do Pará e seus parâmetros sociodemográficos, da gestação e parto, no período de 2010 a 2020. O estudo é descritivo e analítico e utilizou dados do SINASC/DATASUS. Em 2014, a maior taxa de fecundidade (106,5%) foi na Macrorregião de Saúde III. As mães solteiras ou em união consensual, cor/raça parda e entre 8 a 11 anos de estudo foram as predominantes. O pré-natal foi de quatro a seis consultas entre 37 e 41 semanas. A gravidez precoce em adolescentes expõe a riscos sociais e de saúde como abandono escolar, falta de rede de apoio nos cuidados do bebê, prejuízo na colocação no mercado de trabalho e problemas de saúde mental.

Adolescence is the transition phase to adulthood when physical, mental, and behavioral changes occur. The study evaluated the fertility rate of women aged 15 to 19 years living in the health macroregions of the state of Pará and their sociodemographic parameters, pregnancy and childbirth, from 2010 to 2020. The study is descriptive and analytical and uses data from SINASC/DATASUS. In 2014, the highest fertility rate (106.5%) was in Health Macroregion III. Single mothers or mothers in consensual unions, brown color/race, and between 8 and 11 years of study were the predominant ones. They had four to six prenatal care appointments between 37 and 41 weeks. Early pregnancy in adolescents exposes them to social and health risks such as school dropout, lack of support network in baby care, disadvantage in the labor market, and mental health problems.

Improved bioassay method for evaluation of oviposition deterrents against Old World bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)

Old world bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) is one of the serious pests of agricultural crops with more than 184 recorded hosts including cotton. In cotton, H. armigera usually causes yield losses up to 40% with 20-80% damage intensity. In the Indian context it has already developed resistance to most conventional classes of insecticide and its survival on Bt cotton also has been reported in some isolated places. Under such situation, application of semiochemicals can serve as an alternative management option. Among the semiochemicals, oviposition deterrent ones are known to be the most effective as they minimize the infestation at first line of attack by deterring the female moths and protecting the host from oviposition. However, before applying at field level, it is important to develop and standardize a bioassay method for evaluation of oviposition deterrent compounds under laboratory condition. Here, we report a suitable improved bioassay method for evaluation of effect of oviposition deterrents against H. armigera. The five days duration of bioassay method was finalized according to the peak activity of adult moth in terms of mating and fecundity. This investigation presents a method, for finding promising oviposition deterrent compound which will be helpful for researchers to identify the most potent molecule/compounds against H. Armigera

Impact of a large dam on reproduction of a non-migratory teleost species, Acestrorhynchus lacustris (Characiformes: Acestrorhynchidae) / Impacto de uma grande barragem na reprodução de uma espécie de teleósteo não migradora, Acestrorhynchus lacustris (Characiformes: Acestrorhynchidae)

The release of water from the reservoir hypolimnion, lower concentration of oxygen and the anthropogenic regulation of the river flow, could affect the reproduction of fish, especially migratory species. However, little is known about the effects of these changes in water on non-migratory species. In this sense, the reproduction of Acestrohynchus lacustris was evaluated in two sections of São Francisco River, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Section 1, located immediately downstream from Três Marias Dam (18°09'31.65"S and 45°13'36.00"W) and section 2, located at the confluence of the São Francisco and the Abaeté Rivers (18°02'47.78"S and 45°10'57.95"W). For this, we obtained the physico-chemical parameters of water of each study section. Additionally, biometric data and biological indices of all specimens were measured. Fecundity and follicles diameters were measured in females. Temperature, dissolved oxygen and flow showed lower values in section 1. Fish captured in this section, had lower values of GSI in both sexes, and females presented decreased values of fecundity and follicles diameter. This species showed reproductive activity in the two sections analyzed, however, in section 1 where the temperature and dissolved oxygen presented significant lower values, the reproductive capacity of A. lacustris, was negatively affected.

A liberação de água do hipolímnio do reservatório, baixa concentração de oxigênio e a regulação antropogênica do fluxo do rio podem afetar a reprodução de peixes, principalmente espécies migradoras. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre os efeitos dessas mudanças nas condições da água em espécies não migradoras. A reprodução de Acestrohynchus lacustris foi avaliada em duas seções do rio São Francisco. Seção 1, localizada imediatamente a jusante da barragem de Três Marias e seção 2, localizada na confluência dos rios São Francisco e Abaeté. Para isso, foram obtidos os parâmetros físico-químicos da água de cada seção do estudo. Além disso, dados biométricos e índices biológicos de todos os peixes capturados foram obtidos. Adicionalmente, nas fêmeas foram medidos os diâmetros dos folículos vitelogênicos e a fecundidade. Temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido e fluxo apresentaram valores mais baixos na seção 1. Os peixes capturados nesta seção apresentaram menores valores de IGS em ambos os sexos, e as fêmeas apresentaram menores valores de fecundidade e diâmetro dos folículos. Essa espécie apresentou atividade reprodutiva nas duas seções analisadas, porém, na seção 1, onde os parâmetros da água apresentam piores condições para o processo reprodutivo de peixes, a capacidade reprodutiva de A. lacustris foi afetada negativamente.

Impact of a large dam on reproduction of a non-migratory teleost species, Acestrorhynchus lacustris (Characiformes: Acestrorhynchidae) / Impacto de uma grande barragem na reprodução de uma espécie de teleósteo não migradora, Acestrorhynchus lacustris (Characiformes: Acestrorhynchidae)

The release of water from the reservoir hypolimnion, lower concentration of oxygen and the anthropogenic regulation of the river flow, could affect the reproduction of fish, especially migratory species. However, little is known about the effects of these changes in water on non-migratory species. In this sense, the reproduction of Acestrohynchus lacustris was evaluated in two sections of São Francisco River, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Section 1, located immediately downstream from Três Marias Dam (18°09'31.65"S and 45°13'36.00"W) and section 2, located at the confluence of the São Francisco and the Abaeté Rivers (18°02'47.78"S and 45°1057.95"W). For this, we obtained the physico-chemical parameters of water of each study section. Additionally, biometric data and biological indices ofall specimens were measured. Fecundity and follicles diameters were measured in females. Temperature, dissolvedoxygen and flow showed lower values in section 1. Fish captured in this section, had lower values of GSI in bothsexes, and females presented decreased values of fecundity and follicles diameter. This species showed reproductiveactivity in the two sections analyzed, however, in section 1 where the temperature and dissolved oxygen presentedsignificant lower values, the reproductive capacity of A. lacustris, was negatively affected.

A liberação de água do hipolímnio do reservatório, baixa concentração de oxigênio e a regulação antropogênica do fluxo do rio podem afetar a reprodução de peixes, principalmente espécies migradoras. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre os efeitos dessas mudanças nas condições da água em espécies não migradoras. A reprodução de Acestrohynchus lacustris foi avaliada em duas seções do rio São Francisco. Seção 1, localizada imediatamente a jusante da barragem de Três Marias e seção 2, localizada na confluência dos rios São Francisco e Abaeté. Para isso, foram obtidos os parâmetros físico-químicos da água de cada seção do estudo. Além disso, dados biométricos e índices biológicos de todos os peixes capturados foram obtidos. Adicionalmente, nas fêmeas foram medidos os diâmetros dos folículos vitelogênicos e a fecundidade. Temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido e fluxo apresentaram valores mais baixos na seção 1. Os peixes capturados nesta seção apresentaram menores valores de IGS em ambos os sexos, e as fêmeas apresentaram menores valores de fecundidade e diâmetro dos folículos. Essa espécie apresentou atividade reprodutiva nas duas seções analisadas, porém, na seção 1, onde os parâmetros da água apresentam piores condições para o processo reprodutivo de peixes, a capacidade reprodutiva de A. lacustris foi afetada negativamente.

Impact of a large dam on reproduction of a non-migratory teleost species, Acestrorhynchus lacustris (Characiformes: Acestrorhynchidae)

Abstract The release of water from the reservoir hypolimnion, lower concentration of oxygen and the anthropogenic regulation of the river flow, could affect the reproduction of fish, especially migratory species. However, little is known about the effects of these changes in water on non-migratory species. In this sense, the reproduction of Acestrohynchus lacustris was evaluated in two sections of São Francisco River, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Section 1, located immediately downstream from Três Marias Dam (18°0931.65S and 45°1336.00W) and section 2, located at the confluence of the São Francisco and the Abaeté Rivers (18°0247.78S and 45°1057.95W). For this, we obtained the physico-chemical parameters of water of each study section. Additionally, biometric data and biological indices of all specimens were measured. Fecundity and follicles diameters were measured in females. Temperature, dissolved oxygen and flow showed lower values in section 1. Fish captured in this section, had lower values of GSI in both sexes, and females presented decreased values of fecundity and follicles diameter. This species showed reproductive activity in the two sections analyzed, however, in section 1 where the temperature and dissolved oxygen presented significant lower values, the reproductive capacity of A. lacustris, was negatively affected.

Resumo A liberação de água do hipolímnio do reservatório, baixa concentração de oxigênio e a regulação antropogênica do fluxo do rio podem afetar a reprodução de peixes, principalmente espécies migradoras. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre os efeitos dessas mudanças nas condições da água em espécies não migradoras. A reprodução de Acestrohynchus lacustris foi avaliada em duas seções do rio São Francisco. Seção 1, localizada imediatamente a jusante da barragem de Três Marias e seção 2, localizada na confluência dos rios São Francisco e Abaeté. Para isso, foram obtidos os parâmetros físico-químicos da água de cada seção do estudo. Além disso, dados biométricos e índices biológicos de todos os peixes capturados foram obtidos. Adicionalmente, nas fêmeas foram medidos os diâmetros dos folículos vitelogênicos e a fecundidade. Temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido e fluxo apresentaram valores mais baixos na seção 1. Os peixes capturados nesta seção apresentaram menores valores de IGS em ambos os sexos, e as fêmeas apresentaram menores valores de fecundidade e diâmetro dos folículos. Essa espécie apresentou atividade reprodutiva nas duas seções analisadas, porém, na seção 1, onde os parâmetros da água apresentam piores condições para o processo reprodutivo de peixes, a capacidade reprodutiva de A. lacustris foi afetada negativamente.

Radiotagging a long-distance migratory Characiform fish: reproduction after surgery, tag losses, and effects in weight

Although biotelemetry studies bring useful information, tagging is a highly invasive procedure. For this reason, we assess if intracoelomic tagging alters survivorship, weight gain and/or reproductive capacity of a neotropical migratory fish. In August 2016, 60 fish were equally and randomly distributed among 3 treatments: Control (anesthesia), sham surgery (anesthesia and surgery), and true surgery (anesthesia, surgery and tagging). Surveys for weight and tag expulsion were performed periodically from surgery through spawning (November/2016), with a final survey occurring in May/2017. Mortality was higher in true surgery (25% died) and for males. Twenty percent expelled tags, and initial weight loss followed by gain were verified for all treatments. Females of all treatments spawned, and fecundity and fertility were not different. Then, future studies should consider the losses due to death and tag expulsion when defining the sample number. We also encourage further investigations about differences in mortality between sex and weight variation, as well as any other factor that leads to increase in mortality. This is the first study that investigated tagging effects in reproduction of neotropical fishes, and since the methods and tags used are not species-specific, we infer that similar effects could occur in other species.(AU)

Embora estudos de biotelemetria gerem informações úteis, processos de marcação são invasivos. Por isso, avaliamos se a marcação intracelomática altera sobrevivência, ganho de peso e/ou capacidade reprodutiva de um peixe migrador neotropical. Em agosto de 2016, 60 peixes foram distribuídos igualmente e aleatoriamente entre os tratamentos controle (anestesia), cirurgia-falsa (anestesia e cirurgia) e cirurgia-verdadeira (anestesia, cirurgia e marcação). Vistorias para pesagem e observação de expulsão de marcas foram realizadas periodicamente da cirurgia até a desova (novembro/2016), com uma vistoria final em maio/2017. A mortalidade foi maior nos peixes marcados (25% morreram) e entre machos. Vinte por cento expulsaram as marcas e, para todos os tratamentos, foi observado perda de peso inicial com posterior recuperação. Fêmeas de todos os tratamentos desovaram; fecundidade e fertilidade não foram diferentes. Novos estudos devem considerar as perdas de marcas por mortalidade e rejeição na definição do número amostral. Também recomendamos estudos que investiguem a mortalidade diferencial entre sexos e variação de peso, bem como fatores causadores de mortalidade. Este é o primeiro estudo que investigou efeitos da marcação na reprodução de peixes neotropicais e, uma vez que métodos e marcas utilizadas não são espécie-específicos, inferimos que efeitos similares podem ocorrer em outras espécies.(AU)

Fecundity of chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus Houttuyn, 1782) in the Aegean Sea / Fecundidade da cavala (Scomber japonicus Houttuyn, 1782) no Mar Egeu

This study was carried out in April - June 2014 to determine absolute fecundity (F) of the chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus Houttuyn, 1782) in Saros Bay (Aegean Sea, Turkey). The relations between the absolute fecundity and total length, total weight and age of the chub mackerel females were estimated as F=0.0318TL4.81, F=1573.9TW- 42858 and F=109607A-136129, respectively. This study aims to contribute to the reproductive biology of S. japonicus by reporting the first findings about the absolute fecundity of the species for the Aegean Sea.

Este estudo foi realizado em abril-junho de 2014 para determinar a fecundidade absoluta (F) da cavala (Scomber japonicus Houttuyn, 1782) na Baía de Saros (Mar Egeu, Turquia). As relações entre a fecundidade absoluta e comprimento total, peso total e a idade da cavala fêmeas foram estimados como F=0.0318TL4.81, F=1573.9 TW- 42858 e F=109607A-136129, respectivamente. Este estudo visa contribuir para a biologia reprodutiva de S. japonicus, apresentando as primeiras conclusões sobre a fecundidade absoluta das espécies para o Mar Egeu.

Reproduction and fecundity of invader of internal insemination Trachelyopterus galeatus in a Neotropical floodplain

After the formation of Itaipu Reservoir, the invader Trachelyopterus galeatus colonized the upper Paraná River. Light microscopy was used to describe gametogenesis and the reproductive phases of females and males. The following data were verified: diameter of the oocytes, spawning type, batch fecundity by ovary weight, standard length, and total weight of the fish, along with the regions where this species reproduced in the upper Paraná River floodplain. A total of 470 specimens were collected quarterly in 2016, 2018 and 2019, and bimonthly in 2017. The gonads were fixed in a Karnovsky solution, dehydrated, infiltrated, and embedded in historesin. The histological slides were stained using PAS + iron hematoxylin + metanil yellow, analyzed and photographed under an image-capturing microscope. As regards diameter of the oocytes and fecundity estimates, ovaries whose oocytes were measured under a stereomicroscope were sampled. In the oogenesis, undifferentiated and differentiated oogonia, early primary growth oocytes, secondary growth oocytes, full-grown oocytes and maturing oocytes were recorded. In the spermatogenesis, primary and secondary spermatogonia, primary and secondary spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa were recorded. The reproductive phases found for females and males were: immature, early development, late development, spawning/sperm-releasing capable, regression, and regeneration. Trachelyopterus galeatus prefers to occupy and reproduce in the Ventura, Patos, Guaraná, Fechada, Garças, and Pau Véio lagoons. The diameter of the oocytes varied from 0.4 to 2.9 mm. Females spawn, on average, 113 oocytes per batch. Batch fecundity variation shows that the larger the ovary, standard length, and total weight, the larger the number of oocytes to be spawned. This invader possesses reproductive success in the upper Paraná River floodplain, especially in lagoons.

Reproductive biology of Parona signata (Actinopterygii: Carangidae), a valuable economic resource, in the coastal area of Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina

The reproductive biology and life cycle of Parona leatherjacket, Parona signata, present in Mar del Plata (38º 00'S 57º 33'W) coast, was studied. Samples were obtained monthly since January 2018 to February 2019 from the artisanal fishermen and the commercial fleet of Mar del Plata. A histological analysis was carried out and the main biologic-reproductive parameters were estimated: fecundity, oocyte frequency distribution and gonadosomatic index (GSI). Both the macroscopic and microscopic analyses showed reproductive activity in March and November. Mature females were recorded, which showed hydrated oocytes, as was evidenced by the histological procedures. Both, the histological and the oocyte diameter distribution analyses showed the presence of all oocyte maturation stages in ovaries in active-spawning subphase, indicating that P. signata is a multiple spawner with indeterminate annual fecundity. Batch fecundity ranged between 36,426 and 126,035 hydrated oocytes/ female. Relative fecundity ranged between 42 and 150 oocytes/ g female ovary free.(AU)

Se estudió la biología reproductiva y el ciclo de vida de la palometa pintada, Parona signata en Mar del Plata (38°00'S 57°33'O). Las muestras fueron obtenidas mensualmente desde enero de 2018, hasta febrero de 2019, provenientes de la pesca artesanal y/o de la flota comercial de la localidad Mar del Plata. Además, se llevó a cabo un análisis histológico y se estimaron los principales parámetros reproductivos tales como: la fecundidad, análisis de la distribución de la frecuencia de diámetros ovocitarios e índice gonadosomático (GSI) mensual. Tanto el análisis macroscópico como el microscópico permitieron afirmar que en los meses de marzo y noviembre existe actividad reproductiva. Se encontraron hembras en puesta, las cuales presentaron ovocitos hidratados en los cortes histológicos. Ambos, los análisis histológicos y de distribución de la frecuencia de diámetros oocitarios mostraron la presencia de todas las fases de maduración oocitaria en ovarios correspondientes a la sub-fase de desove activo, indicando que P. signata es un desovante parcial con fecundidad anual indeterminada. La fecundidad parcial osciló entre 36.426 y 126.035 oocitos hidratados/hembra. La fecundidad relativa varió entre 42 y 150 ovocitos por gramo de hembra libre de ovario.(AU)

Comparative analysis of the reproductive activity of Leporinus piau (Characiformes: Anostomidae) in lentic and lotic environments

In this study, we determined the main reproductive parameters of piau gordura, Leporinus piau, in two sections of the São Francisco River basin. Between May 2015 and April 2016, a total of 573 specimens were captured from a lentic environment (section 1), the Três Marias Reservoir (TMR), and a lotic environment (section 2), downstream of the TMR at the confluence of the São Francisco River (SFR) with the Abaeté River. Analysis of reproductive activity showed that L. piau from both sections reproduced, but females and males from section 1 exhibited higher total length, body weight, Fulton condition factor, and gonadosomatic index values, as compared to section 2. Sexual dimorphism was evident in the species, with females being larger than males. Moreover, males reached first gonadal maturation at a smaller size than females. The peak maturation/mature stage was observed in November/April for females and males in section 1 and in November/December in section 2, coinciding with high temperatures and precipitation in the region. In both sections of the river, L. piau exhibited the typical characteristics of partial spawning, with a prolonged spawning period, and preferential reproduction in lentic environments.(AU)

Neste estudo, determinamos os principais parâmetros reprodutivos do piau gordura, Leporinus piau, em duas seções da bacia do rio São Francisco. Entre maio de 2015 e abril de 2016, um total de 573 espécimes foram capturados de um ambiente lêntico (seção 1), o reservatório de Três Marias (RTM), e um ambiente lótico (seção 2), à jusante da RTM na confluência do rio São Francisco (RSF) com o rio Abaeté. A análise da atividade reprodutiva mostrou que L. piau se reproduz nas duas seções, mas fêmeas e machos da seção 1 apresentaram maiores valores de comprimento total, peso corporal, fator de condição de Fulton e índice gonadossomático em comparação com a seção 2. O dimorfismo sexual foi evidente na espécie com as fêmeas sendo maiores do que os machos. Além disso, os machos atingiram a primeira maturação gonadal em tamanho menor do que as fêmeas. O pico do estágio de maturação/maduro foi observado em novembro/abril para fêmeas e machos na seção 1 e em novembro/dezembro na seção 2, coincidindo com altas temperaturas e precipitação na região. Em ambas as seções do rio, L. piau apresentou características típicas de desova parcelada com período de desova prolongada e reproduz preferencialmente em ambientes lênticos.(AU)

Postembrionic development and reproductive parameters of the grasshopper pest Borellia bruneri (Acrididae: Gomphocerinae) under controlled conditions

Abstract Borellia bruneri, a common grasshopper in much of the grasslands of Argentina and Uruguay, is considered, according to the categories widely accepted for defining the pest status of grasshopper species, a "Frequent plague of importance". In order to determine fundamental aspects of its biology and reproduction, three cohorts of B. bruneri were monitored under controlled conditions (30º C, 14L: 10D, 40% RH). The total duration of nymphal development was 50.6 days, both males and females having five nymphal instars. There was a significant difference in the duration of the different stages within each cohort. In the three cohorts, the first instar duration (12.87 days) was longer than the rest, approximately 5.6 days more than the second that was the shortest (7.26 days). The average longevity of female adults was 56.6 days, and in males, 54.4 days. The number of egg-pods per female was 3.5 and the amount of eggs per egg-pod was 10.8. Mean fecundity was 37.9 eggs per female with an oviposition rate of 1.20 eggs/female/day. Finally, knowing the life cycle of B. bruneri is relevant in order to optimize the control measures for this species.

Population and reproductive traits of a freshwater amphipod (Crustacea, Peracarida, Hyalellidae) from northwest of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil / Características populacionais e reprodutivas de um anfípodo de água doce (Crustacea, Peracarida, Hyalellidae) do noroeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

Abstract The study of population and reproductive traits provides information about the ecological structure of natural populations. This study aimed to characterize dynamics and reproductive traits of Hyalella palmeirensis from a natural pond from southern Brazil. The amphipods were sampled monthly (August 2012 to July 2013) by a person with the aid of a hand net for 20 minutes. Ovigerous females and pre-copulatory pairs were individualized in the field. A total of 12,325 individuals were sampled, being 1,421 males, 6,983 females (including 215 ovigerous females) and 3,921 juveniles. Paired and unpaired males were significantly greater in size than females. There was a positive correlation between body size (CL) of paired males and females. Males and females showed bimodal distribution. Total sex ratio favored females, and these were more frequent in almost all months. Ovigerous females and precopulatory pairs were found throughout the year, but with high frequency in winter and autumn, respectively, characterizing a seasonal reproduction. Juveniles were sampled throughout the year, with greater intensity in the spring. The mean fecundity was 19.6 ± 4.34 eggs. No reduction in the number of eggs was observed during embryonic development. The results observed in H. palmeirensis demonstrate that this species has a population and reproductive dynamics very similar to other species of Hyalella already analyzed in southern Brazil. Moreover, it can be seen that although the H. palmeirensis occurs in an environment with anthropic influence (soy cultivation,) the population is managing to remain in the area, with reproduction and recruitment in most months of year.

Resumo O estudo dos aspectos populacionais e reprodutivos providenciam informações sobre a estrutura ecológica das populações naturais. Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar aspectos populacionais e reprodutivos de Hyalella palmeirensis de uma lagoa do sul do Brasil. Os anfípodos foram amostrados mensalmente (agosto/2012 a julho/2013) por uma pessoa com o auxílio de puçá por 20 minutos. Fêmeas ovígeras e casais em comportamento pré-copulatório foram individualizados no campo. Um total de 12.325 indivíduos foram amostrados, sendo 1.421 machos, 6.983 fêmeas (incluindo 215 fêmeas ovígeras) e 3.921 juvenis. Machos pareados e não pareados são significativamente maiores em tamanho do que as fêmeas. Houve uma correlação positiva entre o tamanho do corpo (CC) de machos e fêmeas pareados. Machos e fêmeas apresentaram distribuição bimodal. A proporção sexual total favoreceu as fêmeas, e estas foram mais frequentes em quase todos os meses. Fêmeas ovígeras e casais em pré-cópula foram amostrados ao longo do ano, mas com elevada frequência no inverno e outono, respectivamente, caracterizando uma reprodução sazonal. Os juvenis foram amostrados ao longo do ano, com maior intensidade na primavera. A fecundidade média foi de 19,6 ± 4,34 ovos. Não houve redução no número de ovos durante o desenvolvimento embrionário. Os resultados observados em H. palmeirensis demonstram que esta espécie possui uma dinâmica populacional e reprodutiva muito similar a outras espécies de Hyalella já analisadas no sul do Brasil. Além disto, apesar de H. palmeirensis ocorrer num ambiente com influência antrópica (cultivo de soja), sua população está conseguindo se manter na área, com reprodução e recrutamento na maioria dos meses do ano..

Reproducción en cautiverio de vizcaína Curimata mivartii con extracto pituitario de carpa / Captivity reproduction of vizcaina Curimata mivartii induced with extract of carp pituitary / Reprodução em cativeiro de vizcaína Curimata mivartii com extrato de hipófise de carpa

Resumen Con el objetivo de reproducir vizcaína Curimata mivartii, ejemplares de dos años de edad (n= 54), mantenidos en estanques en tierra (0,1 pez/m2) fueron inducidos con extracto pituitario de carpa (EPC) (Argent, USA) a razón de 6 mg/Kg de peso para las hembras en dos aplicaciones (10 % y 90% con 12 horas entre aplicación); mientras que los machos fueron inducidos con 4,8 mg/Kg EPC en dosis única. Antes de la inducción hormonal a cada hembra le fue realizada biopsia para verificar su estado de maduración gonadal. La muestra de ovocitos fue tratada con solución Serra (Chemí, Colombia) y después de tres minutos, con la ayuda de un estereoscopio de luz, (Leica, EZ4 W, Alemania) en objetivo de 4x, se determinó posición de la vesícula germinal (céntrico, migrando, periférico, sin núcleo). El análisis de la biopsia ovárica mostró que las hembras se encontraban en maduración final. Los machos inducidos se encontraron en fase de espermiación; los cuales a ligera presión abdominal liberaron líquido seminal. Se estimó el índice de ovulación, fecundidad (absoluta y relativa), diámetro de los ovocitos y volumen seminal. El porcentaje de fertilidad fue estimado a las cuatro horas post-eclosión (hpe) y el porcentaje de eclosión fue estimado a las 10 hpe. Las hembras ovularon entre 5 y 6 horas (28±1,0°C) e inmediatamente los huevos fueron obtenidos por extrusión, así como el semen. La fecundidad absoluta fue de 178331,6±28773,7 ovocitos/hembra y la relativa 137,7±19,6 g ovocitos/Kg de hembra. El diámetro de los ovocitos recién desovados fue de 687,2±42,8 µm. La fertilidad fue de 90,7±1,4% y la eclosión de 85,3±1,5%. Los resultados permiten concluir que EPC a dosificación de 6mg/Kg de peso es un buen inductor de la reproducción de vizcaína, con alto índice de ovulación y altos porcentajes de fertilidad y eclosión.

Abstract With the aim of reproducing the vizcaina Curimata mivartii, two-year-old specimens (n = 54), kept in ponds on land (0,1 fish/m2) were induced with carp pituitary extract (EPC) (Argent, USA) at a doses of 6 mg/Kg of weight for females in two applications (10% and 90% with 12 hours between applications), while males were induced with 4,8 mg / Kg EPC in a single dose. Before the hormonal induction, each female underwent an ovarian biopsy to verify the oocytes maturation stage. The oocyte sample was treated with Serra solution (Chemi, Colombia) and after three minutes, with the help of a light stereoscope (Leica, EZ4 W, Germany) in 4x objective, the position of the germinal vesicle was determined (central, migrating, peripheral, breakdown). The analysis of the ovarian biopsy showed that the females were in final maturation. Induced males were found in the spermiation phase; which at light abdominal pressure released seminal fluid. The ovulation index, fecundity (absolute and relative), oocyte diameter and seminal volume were estimated. The percentage of fertility was estimated at four hours after hatching (hah); and the hatching percentage was estimated at 10 hah. The females ovulated between 5 and 6 hours (28±1,0°C) and immediately the eggs were obtained by extrusion, as well as the semen. The absolute fecundity was 178331,6±28773,7 oocytes/female and the relative 137,7±19,6 g oocytes/Kg of female. The diameter of the newly spawned oocytes was 687,2±42,8 µm. Fertility was 90,7±1,4% and hatching 85,3±1,5%. The results allow to conclude that EPC at dosage of 6mg/Kg of weight is a good inducer of the vizcaína reproduction, which high ovulation index and high rates of fertility and hatching.

Resumo Com o objetivo de reproduzir vizcaína Curimata mivartii, espécimenes de dois anos de idade (n = 54), mantidos em tanques em terra (0,1 peixes / m2) foram induzidos com extrato de hipófise de carpa (EPC) (Argent, USA) a uma taxa de 6 mg / kg de peso para as fêmeas em duas aplicações (10% e 90% com 12 horas entre aplicações), enquanto os machos foram induzidos com 4,8 mg / kg de EPC em dose única. Antes da indução hormonal para cada fêmea, uma biópsia ovariana foi realizada para verificar o seu estado de maturação gonadal. A amostra de oócitos foi tratada com solução de Serra (Chemi, Colômbia) e após três minutos, com auxílio de um estereoscópio de luz (Leica, EZ4 W, Alemanha) em objetivo 4x, foi determinada a posição da vesícula germinativa (central, migrando, periférico, sem nucleo). A análise da biópsia ovariana mostrou que as fêmeas estavam em maturação final. Os machos induzidos foram encontrados na fase de espermizaҫã; que na pressão abdominal leve liberou fluido seminal. O índice de ovulação, fecundidade (absoluta e relativa), diâmetro do oócito e volume seminal foram estimados. A percentagem de fertilidade foi estimada em quatro horas pós-eclosão (hpe); enquanto a porcentagem de eclosão foi estimada em 10 hp. As fêmeas ovularam entre 5 e 6 horas (28±1,0°C) e imediatamente os ovos foram obtidos por extrusão, assim como o sêmen. A fecundidade absoluta foi 178331,6±28773,7 oócitos / fêmea e a relativa 137,7±19,6 g oócitos / kg de fêmea. O diâmetro dos oócitos recém-gerados foi 687,2±42,8 µm. A fertilidade foi de 90,7±1,4% e incubação de 85,3±1,5%. Os resultados permitem concluir que a EPC na dosagem de 6mg/Kg de peso é um bom indutor de reprodução de vizcaína, com alto índice de ovulação e altas taxas de fertilidade e eclosão.

Reproductive ecology of Otocinclus vittatus (Regan, 1904) in the Pantanal floodplain, upper Paraguay River basin / Ecologia reprodutiva de Otocinclus vittatus (Regan, 1904) na planície de inundação do Pantanal, bacia do alto rio Paraguai

Abstract We studied the reproductive biology of Otocinclus vittatus in the southern Pantanal, Brazil. A total of 1066 fishes were analyzed (490 males, 488 females and 88 individuals of undetermined sex), sampled with a rectangular sieve and a seine net from February/2009 to January/2011. Variations in the sex ratio, seasonality in reproduction, fecundity, and size at first maturity were estimated. No variations were detected in the total sex ratio for the study period as a whole; although ratio has varied over time. The gonadosomatic index varied according to the river level, but not according to water temperature and rainfall. The mean fecundity was estimated at 84.1 oocytes, with a positive correlation with standard length. The size at first maturity (L50) estimated was 18.7 mm for females and 20.1 mm for males.

Resumo Estudamos a biologia reprodutiva de Otocinclus vittatus no Pantanal Sul, Brasil. Um total de 1066 peixes foram analisados (490 machos, 488 fêmeas e 88 de sexo indeterminado), amostrados com tela de isca e rede de arrasto entre Fevereiro/2009 e Janeiro/2011. Foram estimadas as variações na proporção sexual, a sazonalidade na reprodução e o tamanho da primeira maturação. Não foi detectada variação na proporção sexual total para o período de estudo como um todo; embora a proporção tenha variado ao longo do tempo. O índice ganadossomático variou de acordo com o nível do rio, mas não de acordo com a temperatura da água e a pluviosidade. A média de fecundidade foi estimada em 84.1 ovócitos, com uma correlação positiva com o comprimento padrão. O tamanho de primeira maturação (L50) foi estimado em 18.7 mm para fêmeas e 20.1 mm para machos.

Biotic potential and reproductive parameters of Spodoptera cosmioides (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the laboratory / Potencial biótico e parâmetros reprodutivos de Spodoptera cosmioides (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) em laboratório

Abstract In this study we evaluate the biotic potential and reproductive parameters of Spodoptera cosmioides (Walker, 1858) under controlled conditions (25 ± 1 °C, 70 ± 10% RH and 14 hour photophase). Females, on average, (14.433 days) did not live significantly longer than their male counterparts (13.100 days). The mean durations of the pre-oviposition, oviposition and post-oviposition periods were 2.767, 10.600 and 1.067 days, respectively. The mean fecundity of females was 5,073.533 eggs and the mean fertility was 5,021.027 larvae. On average, females copulated 1.167 times. Fecundity was positively correlated with the number of copulations (r = 0.583, P <0.001). The number of copulations, however, was negatively correlated whit the duration of the pre-oviposition (r = -0.560, P = 0.007) and oviposition (r = -0.479, P = 0.048) periods, and overall longevity (r = -0.512, P = 0.031). The biotic potential was estimated at 6.547 x 1021 individuals/female/year. The net reproductive rate (Ro) was 2,193.722 times per generation and the mean generation time (T) was 46.407 days. The intrinsic rate of increase (rm) was 0.166, with a finite rate of increase (λ) of 1.180, per week.

Resumo Neste estudo avaliamos o potencial biótico e parâmetros reprodutivos de Spodoptera cosmioides (Walker, 1858) em condições controladas (25 ± 1 °C, 70 ± 10% UR e 14 horas de fotofase). Em média, as fêmeas (14,433 dias) não viveram significativamente mais do que os machos (13,100 dias). A duração média dos períodos de pre-oviposição, oviposição e pós-oviposição foram 2,767; 10,600 e 1,067 dias, respectivamente. A fecundidade média das fêmeas foi de 5.073,533 ovos e a fertilidade média foi de 5.021,027 larvas. Em média, as fêmeas copularam 1,167 vezes. A fecundidade correlacionou-se positivamente com o número de cópulas (r = 0,583; P <0,001). Entretanto, o número de cópulas correlacionou-se negativamente com a duração dos períodos de pré-oviposição (r = -0,560; P = 0,007), oviposição (r = -0,479; P = 0;048) e a longevidade (r = -0,512; P = 0,031). O potencial biótico foi estimado em 6,547 x 1021 indivíduos/fêmea/ano. A taxa líquida de reprodução (Ro) foi de 2.193,722 vezes por geração e o tempo médio de cada geração (T) foi de 46,407 dias. A taxa intrínseca de crescimento (rm) foi 0,166, com uma taxa finita de aumento (λ) de 1,180, por semana.

Fecundity Studies Of Andrographis Paniculata On Drosophila Melanogaster

Objective: Andrographis paniculata is widely used in Asia for various medicinal purposes. The plant has a major bioactive chemical constituent Andrographolide, which exhibits various essential pharmacological properties. Recently, to enhance immunity against viral fevers especially dengue viral fever during monsoon season, Tamil Nadu state government has advised rural health centres to provide a tea or kashayam made from a mixture containing this plant leaf along with selected plant roots and leaves. However, there is concern among the general public population that this plant extract may have a negative impact on potency. This study is being done to investigate the toxic effects of Andrographis paniculata on fecundity and physiological properties of Drosophila melanogaster. Methods: The flies were treated and mated in pure and mixed form of Andrographis paniculata separately. Results: The results were obtained in the form of egg count, which was compared to control and the conclusion was obtained that Andrographis paniculata might affect the fecundity and at the same time, it was observed that the developmental span from an egg to an adult fly increased upon treatment in successive generations. More importantly, the effect of pure form plant on the fecundity was found to be significant, while that of the mixed form was not. On mating a treated male with an untreated female and an untreated male with a treated female when the treatment is being discontinued, it can be very well seen that there is no effect on the fecundity of the flies. Conclusion: Since the continuity of the treatment played a major role on the effect of fecundity, highlighting the importance of the period of treatment and the exposure time of the compound on the fly system, therefore this research suggests that the conception of tea or kashayam extracted from mixed plant content could not have the same effect as the similar concentration of pure Andrographis paniculata and it does not have any acute effect on the fecundity when being consumed over a short period of time in Drosophila melanogaster model.

Reproductive and breeding biology of Schizothorax labiatus, a snow trout found in River Jhelum, Kashmir

Aim: Schizothorax labiatus is one of the economically valuable food fish among indigenous schizothoracids (snow trouts), inhabiting the Jhelum River system in Kashmir along with other snow trouts of family Cyprinidae. The present study was conducted to understand and bring forward various reproductive traits of S. labiatus inhabiting River Jhelum. Methodology: The investigation was carried on 310 samples (221 males and 89 females) with total length and total weight ranging between 143 to 350 mm and 62 to 449 g, respectively, for a period twelve months. Results: Gonadosomatic index (GSI) was recorded maximum during April for both males (6.19) and females (11.12), indicating that the fish fully matures during this month and spawns during coming months i.e., May when the GSI values start decreasing abruptly. The average values of absolute and relative fecundity in the fish were recorded per gm body weight as 10323 and 42, respectively. Sex ratio was found in 1:0.41 ratio, indicating a significant dominance of males over opposite sex and Lm, i.e., length at first maturity was estimated to be 196 mm and the corresponding age at this length was 2+ years. Interpretation: The fish breeds once in a year in natural/wild habitat. These findings on reproductive biology of the endemic snow trout, and the influence of environmental conditions on breeding biology will serve as a baseline data towards planning seed production and conservation strategies.

The effects of diet and temperature on enzymes, hormones, and fecundity of the African Catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822)

The aim of this study was to check the effect of multiple temperatures and various protein diet formulas on liverenzymes, gonadotropins, and growth hormone (GH) using African catfish Clarias gariepinus. C. gariepinus wasexposed to multiple temperatures (T24°C, T28°C, and T32°C) and various protein diet formulas: D1 (fishmeal-baseddiet), D2 (soymeal-based diet), and D3 (pea-meal based diet). Tilapia commercial feed (D4) was used as reference diet.A total of 720 individuals with an average weight (101–104 g) were stocked at a density of 20 individual fish per tankin 12 tanks of three replicates. Liver enzymes, gonadotropins, GH, and fish fecundity were measured after 16 weeks.The results revealed that liver enzyme like glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase was significantly (P < 0.05)lowered at T28°C: D2 diet, while glutamic pyruvic acid transaminase was lowered by T28°C: D4 diet. However,no effect was observed on creatinine (P > 0.05) at any experimental condition. Follicle-stimulating hormone andluteinizing hormone were significantly (P < 0.05) increased at T28°C: D1 diet and T32°C: D1 diet, respectively. GH wassignificantly (P < 0.05) increased by T28°C: D1. The relative weight of the ovary of C. gariepinus was significantly (P< 0.05) increase at T32°C: D1, while the testis relative weight was increased with T24°C: D3. The result from this studyrevealed that there is a direct relationship of temperature on fish fecundity, enzymes, and reproductive hormonesin C. gariepinus. The temperature of 28°C along with fishmeal or soy-meal positively improved the fecundity andhealth of fish.

Reproductive biology of the Brazilian blind electric ray Benthobatis kreffti (Chondrichthyes: Narcinidae)

This study provides information on the reproductive biology of the Brazilian blind electric ray Benthobatis kreffti, endemic to southern and southeastern Brazil. Individuals were caught by bottom trawl carried out in 2003 and 2007, at 492-501 m depth off the São Paulo State continental slope. A total of 152 females (115-299 mm) and 144 males (91-243 mm) were sampled. Maturity was first observed at 177 and 162 mm, with total length at 50% maturity of 191 and 176 mm in females and males respectively. Uterine fecundity ranged from 1-3 and was not related to female total length. Size at birth estimated from the largest near-term observed embryos and smallest free-swimming ray was 91-100 mm. The low fecundity observed is typical of deepwater elasmobranch species, as well as late maturity in comparison with costal species. The relatively large size-at-birth suggests that this species invests more in length of each embryo than in litter size, increasing the offspring's survival chance. In this context, these parameters highlight the vulnerability of this and other deepwater species to non-natural death, mostly caused by deep-sea fisheries.(AU)

Este estudo apresenta informações sobre a biologia reprodutiva da raia elétrica cega brasileira Benthobatis kreffti, endêmica do sul e sudeste brasileiros. Os indivíduos foram capturados com arrasto de fundo, em 2003 e 2007, a 492-501 m de profundidade no talude continental do Estado de São Paulo. Um total de 152 fêmeas (115-299 mm) e 144 machos (91-243 mm) foram capturados. A maturidade foi observada em fêmeas de 177 mm e machos de 162 mm, com o tamanho onde 50% dos indivíduos encontra-se maduros calculado em 191 mm (fêmeas) e 176 (machos). O tamanho da prole foi de 1-3 embriões e não foi relacionado ao comprimento materno. O tamanho ao nascer foi estimado a partir do tamanho do maior embrião à termo e o menor neonato e foi de 91-100 mm. A baixa fecundidade observada é típica de elasmobrânquios de profundidade, bem como a maturidade tardia, comparados com espécies costeiras. O grande tamanho ao nascer sugere que essa espécie investe no tamanho de cada embrião em vez do número de embriões produzidos, aumentando a chance de sobrevivência da prole. Neste contexto, estes parâmetros ressaltam a vulnerabilidade desta e outras espécies de elasmobrânquios a mortes ocasionadas pela pesca em maiores profundidades.(AU)

Effects of Artificial Lights on the Biology of Adult Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquitoes

Abstract@#Introduction: The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effects of artificial light exposures on the survivals and life traits of adult Aedes aegypti. Methods: This is an experimental research where triplication of each cage filled with a ratio of 20 male : 20 female mosquitoes were exposed under three different light artificial light which are; yellow light, white light and blue light along with three different photoperiod regimes (light:dark) – (14h:10h, 12h:12h and 8h:16h). During this study, life traits data observed were duration of the females to complete a gonotrophic cycle, mean number of days was calculated as well as fecundity rate each cycle was also observed by calculating its number of eggs. Results: In general, gonotrophic cycle of this species is significantly affected by the exposure of the artificial lights where the white light has allowed this species to complete a gonotrophic cycle faster than yellow and blue light with post hoc Tukey’s HSD p = 0.026, however the gonotrophic cycle is found not affected by the different photoperiod regimes. The fecundity of this species is found not to be affected by the artificial light exposure but is affected by the different photoperiod regimes with p = 0.049. Conclusion: In conclusion, artificial light can significantly affect the gonotrophic cycle of Aedes aegypti species while on the other hand, the fecundity of this species is affected by the different photoperiod instead of different artificial light exposure.